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| 1926 |
| | | To explain the irregular movement of stars, Swedish astronomer Bertil Lindblad proposes the theory that our galaxy rotates | |
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| 1926 |
| | | British astrophysicist Arthur Eddington compares mass and luminosity in The Internal Constitution of the Stars | |
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| 1929 |
| | | US astronomer Edwin Hubble uses the red shift of light from galaxies to demonstrate that they are receding from each other and the universe is expanding | |
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| 1948 |
| | | British astronomer Fred Hoyle puts forward a 'steady-state' theory of the universe, in which matter is continually created | |
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| 1948 |
| | | A 200-inch telescope goes into service at the Mount Palomar Observatory in California | |
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| 1957 |
| | | Fred Hoyle, William Fowler, and Margaret and Geoffrey Burbidge explain stellar nucleosynthesis | |
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| 1957 |
| | | The USSR launches Sputnik, the world's first artificial satellite | |
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| 1957 |
| | | The success of the USSR in launching Sputnik prompts the establishment of NASA in the USA | |
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| 1957 |
| | | The Russian spacecraft Sputnik II puts into space a living creature, the dog Laika | |
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| 1959 |
| | | Soviet spacecraft Luna 1 goes into orbit round the sun, between the orbits of Earth and Mars | |
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